Treatment modalities in comparison: when do clinical differences emerge?

When do psychiatric side effects emerge during antiviral treatment of hepatitis C?

BACKGROUND This retrospective study aimed to determine the time-frame regarding the first appearance of psychiatric side effects in the course of antiviral treatment and the subsequent referral to consultation-liaison psychiatric services. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Medical records of patients receiving combined antiviral treatment with alpha interferon and ribavirin for hepatitis C at a hepatology...

Self-Organizing Innovation Networks: When do Small Worlds Emerge?

In this paper, we present a model of ‘collective innovation’ built upon the network formation formalism. In our model, agents localized on a circle benefit from knowledge flows from other agents with whom they are directly or indirectly connected. They support costs for direct connections which are linearly increasing with geographic distance. The dynamic process of network formation exhibits p...

1. Do animal personalities emerge?

How do communication systems emerge?

Communication involves a pair of behaviours--a signal and a response--that are functionally interdependent. Consequently, the emergence of communication involves a chicken-and-egg problem: if signals and responses are dependent on one another, then how does such a relationship emerge in the first place? The empirical literature suggests two solutions to this problem: ritualization and sensory m...

How Do Decisions Emerge ? Werner

The basic idea of decision emergence is to generate the prefered decision alternative instead of assuming it as exogeneously given like in neo-classical economics and game theory. The particular problem of ultimatum proposals has been selected in order to rely on experimental observations when speculating how choices emerge. Our approach distinguishes primary and secondary concerns of ultimatum...